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 如何建立新草坪 Turf Establishment JAMES SUA, CGCS,CCPC,CTP, CGIA 如何建立新草坪 Turf Establishment INTRODUCTION 前言 The successful establishment of turfgrass areas is fundamental to turfgrass management. Often the success or failure of turfs can be traces back to procedures that were performed during establishment. Every turfgrass manager or gardener should familiar with the various methods of establishment. 草皮管理最重要的關鍵是成功的鋪設草皮區。通常草皮的成敗都可追溯到與開始鋪設草皮時的步驟有關。每一位草皮管理者或園藝人員都必需熟諳不同的草皮鋪設方法。 SITE AND SOIL PREPARATION 鋪設地點及土壤的準備 Debris and Persistent Weed Removal殘礫及雜草的移除 The following discussion of site and soil preparation applies to all methods of establishment – plugging, sprigging, or sodding. Preparation is one of the most important steps in creating a healthy, high-quality turfgrass area. One of your steps in installing new turf may be the removal of woody vegetation such as trees, shrubs, logs, and stumps. Buried tree stumps are often associated with mushrooms in established turf. By removing stumps, you can also avoid the soil depressions resulting from their decay, which can break up the smooth grade desirable for turf. Rocks should also be removed rather than buried in the site, since buried debris will eventually interfere with turfgrass root growth. If small rocks and stones are too numerous to remove by hand, you may want to use a stone-picking machine for this purpose. Persistent weeds such as sedges should be controlled before planting. These weeds cannot be selectively removed after planting, and normal grading will not eliminate them since many have underground rhizomes or tubers. You can remove these weeds from the site through soil fumigation or the use of a non-selective herbicide. 下面所探討的鋪設地點及土壤的準備適用於所有的鋪草方式，例如栓塞法，枝葉法或是生草土覆蓋法等。良好的準備是建立健康，高品質的草皮區最重要的因素之一。 在鋪設新草皮時其中一個步驟是移除喬木，例如樹木，灌木，木料，和殘餘的樹幹與樹根等。 埋在地下的殘餘的樹幹與樹根通常與草皮中會長出的香菇類有關。若能將殘餘的樹幹與樹根徹底的移除，還可避免因菇類腐爛時所造成的土壤坳掐所導致的後果，也就是無法達到預期的草皮平整度。岩石最好是也能移除而不是就地掩埋場，因為埋入的殘礫最後會影響到草皮根部的生長。如果現場有太多的石頭和石子無法全用手工移除，可以考慮使用撿石機來處理。 宿存的雜草例如莎草應該在種植草皮前移除。因為這些雜草大部份都含有地下莖或塊莖，一但種了草皮之後就很難單獨挑除，一般的整地時也無法除去雜草。透過燻土或者是一般性的除草劑就可事先除去雜草。 Stockpile Topsoil儲備表土 Depending on the quality of the topsoil, it may be advantageous to remove it and stockpile it in an undisturbed area near the site. This is particularly important during construction of a new building or when significant grading is necessary. If the topsoil is not removed from a construction site, it is often buried under subsoil from the footer or basement excavation, lowering fertility can creating a poor soil structure. After construction is completed, topsoil that has been removed can be redistributed over the area. 根據表土的品質，可以先移除表土並放在附近儲備以供後續利用，特別是在施工時或需作重大的整地的時候。如果施工時沒有移除表土，通常表土就會埋在人為的踐踏或是開挖的過程中產生的次級土的下方，而降低的肥沃度也會造成土壤結構的不良。在施工結束之後，先前移除的表土還可以回填到草皮區。
Grading and Tillage整地與耕耘 After the removal of the topsoil, the area should be graded to establish a sub-grade. This may involve leveling high areas and filling in depressions. The goal is to ensure adequate surface drainage of the turfgrass area. The minimum grade should be 1 to 2 percent, sloping away from buildings. Steep slopes or contours should be avoided; they will result in areas difficult to mow as well as increased erosion potential during establishment. Also, turfgrasses established on steep slopes, are more prone to heat and drought stress than turfs established on level ground. When steep grades cannot be avoided, consider a retaining wall or the use of a ground cover instead of turfgrass. Following the creation of the subgrade, the topsoil should be replaced and a final grade completed. Fine grading involves smoothing the soil surface in preparation for planting. It may be advisable to mix the topsoil into the top 2 inches of subsoil to avoid layering and to create a more even transition between the topsoil and subsoil zones. Tilling the soil with implements such as plows, disks, harrows, or rototillers will help ensure rapid infiltration of water, improved aeration, and improved turfgrass rooting. Tillage is particularly important on those sites where heavy equipment has been in use, in order to loosen soil that has been compacted. 表土移除之後，該區域需作粗整以便建立後續細整及推平。這部份可能會涉及鏟除突起的部份及填平低窪的地區。主要的目的是確保草皮區適當的排水順暢。最少需要以百分之一到百分之二的斜度從建築物往外流出。 盡量避開坡度較大的地方或是輪廓線，因為在鋪草後這地區會較易發生侵蝕現象或是較不易除草。同時在斜坡區的草皮比起平地的草皮較容易受到熱和乾旱的威脅。若是無法避免斜坡時，可考慮擋土牆或者是不用草皮來覆蓋該區域。 建立了細整地之後，將表土回填以完成最後的推平。細部的整地包括了撫平土壤的表面以供種植草皮。在最上層約兩英吋處，也可將表土與次土混合均勻以避免表土與次土的層次太分明。以犁，圓鍬，耙子，或旋轉式耕耘機等工具作進一步的耕耘有助於水份迅速的滲透，提高通氣及改善草皮根部的生長。耕耘對於在使用過重型機械後的土地非常的重要，可以使緊實的土壤變得較鬆軟。 Soil Modification土壤改良 Soil modification may be necessary if the existing topsoil is of poor quality. The addition of various soil amendments to improve the physical properties of the soil will help speed the rate of establishment and ensure a healthy, high-quality turf area. A sandy loam to loamy sand topsoil of 8 to 12 inches in depth is ideal. Often sand is added to the site to improve aeration and drainage. This practice can be effective if done correctly. However, adding small quantities of sand to a fine-texture or clay soil can create a cement-like mixture. It is necessary to add large amounts of sand to a clay soil to realize any significant benefits. Often contractors add a 1 or 2-inch layer of sand, organic matter, or loam to the existing soil in an effort to improve the rootzone of their turf areas. This practice rarely succeeds, and it may cause a layering effect that impedes water and fertilizer movement into the soil and restricts turfgrass rooting. Similarly, there is no advantage to adding 0.25 to 0.5 inch of a soil amendment to the soil surface and incorporating it into the top several inches of soil. This is a waste of time and money. At least 4 to 6 inches of a soil amendment or soil mix should be incorporated into the surface to improve soil characteristic. 若現有表土品質欠佳時需改良土壤。外加的土壤添加物可改善土壤的物理性質以提昇鋪草的進度及確保草皮區的高品質。從砂質的壤土到8到12英吋深度的壤土砂地是最好的組合。 通常會加上一些砂來增加通氣與排水的能力。如果施工正確的話，這些步驟會有很好的成效。但是若是在細質的土壤或是在黏土上添加少量的砂土時反而會造成類似水泥的現象。所以在黏土上一定要加大量的砂土才會有顯著的效果。 大部份的施工單位都會在現有的地上再加上一吋或兩吋的砂土、有機物或壤土來促進草皮根部的發育。這個成效其實很有限，甚至會造成分層的現象，反而會影響水份及肥料在土壤裡的擴散而限制了草皮根部的生長。 同樣的，如果加了0.25到0.5英吋的土壤添加物並將其融入土壤表面數英吋的範圍裡也沒有什麼益處。其實這只是浪費時間和金錢。如果要改善土壤的特性，至少需要在土表融入4到6英吋的土壤添加物或土壤混合物。
*For NEW turf areas, incorporate into soil to a depth of 6 inches before planting. Do not apply more than 50 pounds/1,000 square feet at one time. If using calcium oxide (CaO) or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) do not apply more than 25 poinds/1,000 square feet at one time. * 對於新裁植的草皮區可於種植前混於表土上層約6英吋處。每次混入時每1000平方英呎不要超過50磅。當使用氧化鈣(CaO)或氫氧化鈣(Ca(OH)2)每次施用時每1000平方英呎不要超過25磅。 Application of Fertilizer施肥 The topsoil should be tested to determine its pH, phosphorus, and potassium levels. If the pH is lower than desired, lime should be incorporated into the rootzone. The soil test will also indicate the amounts of phosphorus and potassium needed. The recommended amounts should be applied and incorporated into the top 3 to 4 inches of soil. It is particularly important to use a high phosphorus fertilizer at time of establishment, since phosphorus enhances the rate of establishment. 表土需測其酸鹼值、磷酸和鉀的含量。如果酸鹼值低於預期值，可在根部加入石灰來調和。土壤測試可瞭解所需要的磷酸和鉀的含量。所需添加的肥料需融入表土上層3至4英吋處。在植草時最好能使用含磷量較高的肥料，因為磷酸能促進草皮的生長速度。 Drainage and Irrigation排水與灌溉 Drainage and irrigation systems maybe installed either before or after the replacement of the topsoil. Installing them before replacement will reduce settling in the trenches that might disrupt the uniformity of the final grade. Installation after the topsoil has been replaced or following soil with heavy or cumbersome tillage equipment. There are many types and designs of underground irrigation systems. Depending on your knowledge and experience, it may be advisable to work with an irrigation specialist on such a project. 排水與灌溉系統可以在更換表土之前或之後來施工。在更換表土之前施工的好處是可以減少溝渠的產生，所以較不會對後續的整地完整性有所干擾。通常在表土更換之後或以重型耕耘機犁土後才施工。地下的灌溉系統有數種不同的設計和類型。因為需要不同的專業和經驗，這類的專案最好是由灌溉專業的專家來指導。 Final Seedbed Preparation苗圃的最後準備工作 Final soil preparation should include lightly tilling, raking, and levelling the area. A firm, granular, and slightly moist soil is ideal for planting. Rolling with a hand- or tractor-drawn water ballast roller can firm the soil. Final seedbed preparations should take place within 24 hours of actual planting if possible. 土壤的最後準備工作包括了小規模的耕耘，耙鬆，和撫平地面。最好的種植條件的土壤是堅實，顆料狀並稍微潮溼的土壤。使用手推式或牽引機拖拉的水重力壓土滾輪可以使土壤更結實。盡可能在實際種植前24小時內進行苗圃的最後準備工作。 Planting植草 Depending on the species, selected turfgrasses can be established from seed or through vegetative propagation. The four methods of vegetative propagation are sodding, sprigging, stolonizing, and plugging. Each method will be discussed in more detail below. 依據不同的品種的特性，草皮的種植可以從種子播種到直接種植草皮。草皮的種植法有生草土覆蓋法，枝葉法，生殖根法和栓塞法等四種。下面就分別介紹這四種方法。
VEGETATIVE ESTABLISHMENT直接種植草皮 Sodding生草土覆蓋法 Sodding involves transplanting large sections of mature turf. Although sodding is expensive, usually several times more costly than any other method of establishment, it does offer the distinct advantage of providing almost “instant” turf. Site preparation should be completed before the delivery of the sod. After delivery, the sod should be placed within 24 to 48 hours if possible. This will reduce the chance of damage to the sod due to heat buildup while stacked on the pallets. Ideally, the soil should be slightly moist at the time of transplanting. Laying sod involves placing the sod pieces in a staggered checkerboard pattern so that the ends of adjacent pieces are not in line. The edges of adjacent pieces should be fitted together tightly but without overlapping. Gaps between sod pieces should be avoided since this will cause a rough surface and will allow weeds to come up in the voids. Also, sod pieces should not be stretched because they will shrink upon drying, leaving gaps between the pieces. On steep slopes, it may be necessary to anchor the sod with wooden pegs. Slopes are usually sodded from the bottom up. Immediately after installation, the sod should be tamped or rolled to help ensure good contact between the sod and underlying soil. Finally, irrigate the sod as soon as possible after installation. It may be necessary to irrigate a section already installed while the remainder of the job is being completed. Usually, sod will take about one to two weeks to root into underlying soil. Once sod is well established, the frequency of irrigation can be reduced. 生草土覆蓋的步驟包括了移植一大塊成熟的草皮。雖然生草土覆蓋的費用較高，比起其他的方法要貴了數倍，但是它的優點是幾乎“立即”提供了可用的草皮。 在收到生草土之前種植區的土地需已完成整地。在收到生草土之後，盡可能在24小時到48小時之內進行生草土覆蓋。這樣可避免因為堆積的生草土塊所導致的熱傷害。理想的運送狀況是將生草土維持在稍微潮濕的狀態。排放生草土的方式是以跳棋的棋盤式交錯進行，如此旁邊的另一塊才不會在同一條線上。鄰近的生草土彼此緊密相連但是不會重疊。避免彼此間的縫隙，以免造成不平的表面和從空隙間生長的雜草。同時，生草土不可將其撐大，否則在乾燥時會收縮而產生草皮的間隙。在斜坡區上種植時可能需要以木樁來固定生草土。通常在斜坡上鋪生草土時的方向是從下往上鋪。在鋪設完畢之後必需立刻搗實或以滾輪壓實生草土，以確保生草土與下方的土壤有良好的接觸。 最後，在鋪設完生草土之後要馬上灌溉生草土。在鋪設下一塊生草土的同時就可開始澆灌先前鋪的生草土。一般的生草土需一周到兩周的時間來固定根部到下方的土壤中。一旦根部固定之後，就可以減少灌溉的頻率。 Plugging栓塞法 Plugging involves the transplanting of plugs or smaller pieces of mature sod into soil. Sod plugs may be obtained from commercial establishment such as garden stores, nurseries, or sod farms. You can make inexpensive plugs from purchased sod strips or pieces. Usually, plug sizes range from 0.75 to 4 inches in diameter. One of the first step when establishing a site with plugs is to determine the rate or density of plugs to use. The closer the plugs are placed, the faster the site will establish a mature turf. After determining the amount of vegetative material needed, use a plugging tool to remove a 2- or 3-inch soil plug (Figure 1). Then insert a plug of the desire turfgrass species into the hole and slightly tamp or roll the plug and adjacent soil area to ensure good plug and soil contact. It is important for the plug to fit properly into the hole, because a recessed or elevated plug will result in an uneven surface that may require future topdressing procedures to level the area. Following the plugging operation, irrigate the site as soon as possible and as needed thereafter until the plugs are well rooted. 栓塞法的步驟包括了移植數個栓塞或一小塊成熟的生草土到土壤裡。生草土栓塞可到一般的商站購買，例如園藝店，種苗場或生草土農場。也可以購買生草土條或生草土塊來進行較便宜的栓塞。通常栓塞的大小直徑從0.75英吋到4英吋。 在開始進行栓塞法時其中一個步驟就是要決定使用栓塞的密度。栓塞的分佈愈靠近彼此時，長成草皮的速度也愈快。 在決定所需草皮種植的數量之後，使用栓塞工具取出一塊2至3英吋的栓塞(圖1)。然後將選取的品種塞入洞內並輕微的將栓塞及臨近的土壤踏實或滾實以確保栓塞與土壤有良好的接觸。栓塞的大小與洞徑穩合是很重要的，過大或太小的栓塞會導致草及表面的不平穩，以至於還需要後續的鋪砂處理才能使表面平均。在栓塞移植後，盡可能立刻澆灌該區，直到栓塞區的根部發育完全。
Figure圖1: Turfgrass plugging tool 草皮栓塞工具
Sprigging枝葉法 This vegetative method of establishment involves the planting of stolons or rhizomes in furrows or small holes. These pieces of stolons or rhizomes have little or no adhering soil and are referred as sprigs. Sprigs are obtained from sod fields where the sod was allowed to grow high enough to produce large stolons. A machine then harvests the plant material, chopping and shredding the stolons into 3 to 6 inches long. Insert sprigs in the furrows to a depth of 1 to 2 inches and about 4 to 6 inches apart. The closer the furrows and placement of the sprigs, the faster the rate establishment will be. Immediately following sprig placement, irrigate the site thoroughly. Frequent irrigation will be necessary until the sprigs develop an adequate root system. Once stolon growth is visible, light, frequent topdressing will encourage stolon spreading by providing a more favourable moisture condition. 枝葉法的步驟包括了種植生殖根或根莖到犁溝或小洞內。這些生殖根或根莖完全沒有或只有附著一點點的土壤，所以稱為枝葉法。這些枝葉是由生草土區成長到有足夠的生殖根時所取得的。收割機可將這些生草土所長出的草回收，切碎後產生長度3到6英吋的枝葉。 將這些枝葉插入犁溝內1到2吋深，彼此相距4到6英吋寬。犁溝的距離愈窄，以及插入的枝葉愈緊密，草皮區生成的速度也愈快。在插入枝葉之後，要立即灌溉草皮區。密集的澆水直到根部系統的發育完成。一旦生殖根明顯的開始成長後，建議可使用少量多次的鋪砂來增加適當的濕度，以促進生殖根的繁殖。 Stolonizing生殖根法 This vegetative method of establishment is similar to sprigging except the plant material or sprigs are broadcast over the soil surface rather than planted in furrows or holes. The sprigs are then either lightly topdress (cover with a thin layer of soil), rolled or pressed into the soil, or disked into the soil. The rate of establishment for stolonizing is faster than sprigging. However, because the plant material is spread over the surface of the soil and not buried as in sprigging, the death of plant material due to drying out can be much greater. It is essential that the site be well irrigate until the stolons develop a sufficient root system to support plant growth. 生殖根法的步驟與枝葉法類似，除了這些植物或枝葉是撒在土壤上面而不是種植在犁溝或洞內。這些枝葉可少量的鋪砂(覆蓋一層薄土)再滾壓入土壤中，或直接以圓盤機壓入土裡。生殖根法的草皮生長速度會比枝葉法還要快，但是由於植物是散撒於土表之上而不是像枝葉法一樣的埋入土裡，所以因乾枯而死的草皮也比較多。重要的關鍵之一是要提供良好的灌溉直到該區的生殖根有完整的根部發育來維持植物的生長。 Figure圖2 : Various types of turf plugs used for vegetative propagation. 提供植物生長的各種草皮栓塞。
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